This map shows the borders of the Byzantine Empire under Justinian, about 1020, and about 1360.

Did you know we can credit Charlemagne with the invention of the question mark? During the reign of Charlemagne, there was a revival of classical learning. Charlemagne knew he had to rebuild Europe and bring stability to the region. He accomplished this through religion and education. Watch this video to see details about these accomplishments and more. [11:34]

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This site, which is provided for by the Medieval Sourcebook of Fordham University, gives St. Bernard's written defense of the Second Crusade, in spite of its failure.

This site from the Fordham University provides Niceta Choniate's first person account of the sacking of Constantinople by the crusaders of the fourth crusade.

This resource provides a list of the known chieftains and a description of their involvement in the damage of Roman power.

An excellent introduction to and overview of the Renaissance and Reformation in Europe. This article touches on all aspects of the period.

Timeline of the major events of the Christian crusades from 1095 to 1291 A.D.

A series of resources with follow up questions created to introduce students to the Italian Renaissance period and its implications afterward. [55:24]

Overview of the political, social, and economic forces that existed in France during the sixteenth century. Links are provided to several different examples of French culture of the time. Resource created by a group interested in Renaissance re-creations.

This site from Fordham University provides an early writing describing the battle of Yarmuk, at which the Muslims defeated the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius and his army.

A historical document about the opening of the First Crusade, describing preparations and the people involved.

Background and description of the battle between the Visigoths and the Romans at Adrianople.

This website provides a chronological timeline of theo-social experiments, renaissance, reformation and wars on religion from 1300-1600.

This brief article details the rise and fall of the Ostrogoths, a Germanic tribe of the fifth and sixth centuries.

This article presents a history of the Visigoths, also known as the Goths, who were a barbaric tribe living on the banks of the Danube River during the 4th century.

A timeline of coinage history in Ancient Rome and how debasement helped lead to the downfall of the Roman Empire.