This collection of excerpts from legislation and court decisions documents key phases of the legal struggle to gain and implement equal education.
The Supreme Court's 1927 opinion in Gong Lum v. Rice affirmed legalized school segregation.
This 1946 federal court ruling marked a victory for Mexican Americans and chipped away at the "separate but equal" doctrine, declaring segregated schools based on national origin unconstitutional.
The Supreme Court's 1896 ruling legalized the "separate but equal" doctrine that sanctioned segregation.
The background essay provided in this lesson plan on the later ramifications of the 14th Amendment explains the Congressional legislation of all types during Reconstruction. Click on the 'View' button to read the Amendment.
Historical information on Booker T. Washington, the foremost black educator of the late 19th and 20th centuries. This site offers an overview of his greatest accomplishments, including links to his autobiography and other writings. This is a great resource for reports.
Read the complete text from the book "Up from Slavery: An Autobiography", by Booker T. Washington, in which he explores his journey from slave to educator. Includes illustrations, biographical facts, and links to further information on his life.
At this site from the University of North Carolina, you can read letters written by George E. Pickett (1825-1875), a Confederate soldier. Originally published in 1913, this book provides George E. Pickett's correspondence with his wife, while he is at war.
E-text of a book with primary and secondary source information about Harriet Tubman by Sarah Bradford published in 1886. RI.9-10.7 different mediums
This site, from the University of North Carolina, provides the full text of "My Life in the South," the autobiography of an emancipated slave, Jacob Stroyer(1849-1908). The text is complete and in-depth with a full introduction and photos of the original publication.
HTML full text of the "Life and Times of Frederick Douglass," the autobiography of the 19th century African American abolitionist (1818-1895).
UNC's resource provides links to download the entire text of "Narrative of James Williams, an American Slave," which was published in 1838. Included are 1838 articles from "The Liberator," in which the authenticity of this narrative is debated.
The official report by a joint select committee of the Congress of the Confederate States of America investigating the treatment of prisoners of war in Confederate prisons. An interesting look at a primary source document reflecting the views of the Confederacy.
A very detailed version of Booker T. Washington's life as a slave and as an educator. This autobiography is the outgrowth of a series of articles he had published in the Outlook magazine. The simple story of an extraordinary man.
These primary source documents from "Readings in European History" contain texts that describe the provisional government set up in Paris, the second French Republic, and Louis Napoleon's Campaign Manifesto.
This site provides the full text of Dickens' novel "Dombey and Son." A brief summary is also included.
In this interactive activity, from the Web site developed for the PBS series "Building Big," think like an engineer and use your knowledge of dome design to match the right type of dome to the right location in a fictitious city.
Contains full text of "Donne's Relation to Petrarch," as appears in "The Cambridge History of English and American Literature." Explains how Donne broke the Petrarchian poetic style.
This high school physics lesson focuses on the application of the Doppler effect to sound. Discusses what the Doppler effect is, offers examples of its occurrence, and explains what shock waves and sonic boom are.
Dr. Stephen O'Brien of the National Cancer Institute discovers a 700-year-old mutation that makes a person resistant to HIV infection. From Evolution: "Evolutionary Arms Race."