This interactive will present the mathematical consideration of exponentially
enriching a piece of DNA using PCR. Typically, a PCR protocol will repeat
approximately 30 cycles of denaturation, annealing, and elongation. 30 cycles of
PCR produce around 1 billion copies of the amplified region.

Students learn the fundamentals of using microbes to treat wastewater. They discover how wastewater is generated and its primary constituents. Microbial metabolism, enzymes and bioreactors are explored to fully understand the primary processes occurring within organisms.

Biology 2e is designed to cover the scope and sequence requirements of a typical two-semester biology course for science majors. The text provides comprehensive coverage of foundational research and core biology concepts through an evolutionary lens. Biology includes rich features that engage students in scientific inquiry, highlight careers in the biological sciences, and offer everyday applications. The book also includes various types of practice and homework questions that help students understand—and apply—key concepts. The 2nd edition has been revised to incorporate clearer, more current, and more dynamic explanations, while maintaining the same organization as the first edition. Art and illustrations have been substantially improved, and the textbook features additional assessments and related resources.

By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:

Describe the role of enzymes in metabolic pathways
Explain how enzymes function as molecular catalysts
Discuss enzyme regulation by various factors

By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:

Describe the functions proteins perform in the cell and in tissues
Discuss the relationship between amino acids and proteins
Explain the four levels of protein organization
Describe the ways in which protein shape and function are linked

Cellular respiration is the process by which our bodies convert glucose from food into energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Start by exploring the ATP molecule in 3D, then use molecular models to take a step-by-step tour of the chemical reactants and products in the complex biological processes of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, the Electron Transport Chain, and ATP synthesis. Follow atoms as they rearrange and become parts of other molecules and witness the production of high-energy ATP molecules.

Students perform DNA forensics using food coloring to enhance their understanding of DNA fingerprinting, restriction enzymes, genotyping and DNA gel electrophoresis. They place small drops of different food coloring ("water-based paint") on strips of filter paper and then place one paper strip end in water. As water travels along the paper strips, students observe the pigments that compose the paint decompose into their color components. This is an example of the chromatography concept applied to DNA forensics, with the pigments in the paint that define the color being analogous to DNA fragments of different lengths.

This pathway provides an introduction to enzymes, their properties, and how they affect biological reactions. For a deeper look at this topic, we recommend the pathway Metabolism from the OpenStax textbook Biology for AP® Courses.

This pathway introduces a specific class of proteins called enzymes that are integral to catalyzing many biological reactions.

This narrated animation schematically shows the process of protein synthesis. [3 min, 24 sec]

Current trends in consumer behavior show that people want to eat healthier and are looking for simple ways to transform their diets. High oleic soybean oil features lower saturated fat while maintaining 0 grams of trans fat, which may lower cholesterol and support heart health. This unit features 2 lessons and 6 files. Lessons are aligned to NGSS.

This simulation provides the opportunity to practice performing a ligation
reaction in a virtual lab setting. This process uses the enzyme DNA ligase
to attach two DNA fragments using complementary blunt or sticky ends
generated from a restriction enzyme digest.

Cette simulation permet de s’entraîner à réaliser une réaction de ligature dans un environnement de laboratoire virtuel. Ce processus utilise l’enzyme ADN ligase pour lier deux fragments d’ADN à l’aide d’extrémités franches ou d’extrémités collantes complémentaires générées à partir d’une digestion par enzymes de restriction.

This interactive will present the components and steps needed for a successful
PCR reaction.

This interactive will present the rules for designing precise nucleotide sequences
called PCR primers. Designing primers for a PCR reaction is an important step
because the way they bind to the template DNA dictates much of the success of
the PCR reaction.