This interactive will present the varying applications of the laboratory technique Polymerase Chain Reaction, also known as PCR.

Students construct paper recombinant plasmids to simulate the methods genetic engineers use to create modified bacteria. They learn what role enzymes, DNA and genes play in the modification of organisms. For the particular model they work on, they isolate a mammal insulin gene and combine it with a bacteria's gene sequence (plasmid DNA) for production of the protein insulin.

Biology 2e is designed to cover the scope and sequence requirements of a typical two-semester biology course for science majors. The text provides comprehensive coverage of foundational research and core biology concepts through an evolutionary lens. Biology includes rich features that engage students in scientific inquiry, highlight careers in the biological sciences, and offer everyday applications. The book also includes various types of practice and homework questions that help students understand—and apply—key concepts. The 2nd edition has been revised to incorporate clearer, more current, and more dynamic explanations, while maintaining the same organization as the first edition. Art and illustrations have been substantially improved, and the textbook features additional assessments and related resources.

By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:

Describe gel electrophoresis
Explain molecular and reproductive cloning
Describe biotechnology uses in medicine and agriculture

What is the science behind biotechnology and genetic modification?

Genetic modification (GM) has been practiced for millennia, evolving from simple selective breeding to sophisticated biotechnological methods. Historically, humans transformed wild plants and animals into diverse breeds and crops through selective breeding, as seen in the variety of dog breeds and the transformation of wild grasses into corn. Modern GM techniques now enable the transfer of specific genes between organisms, producing genetically modified organisms (GMOs) that are tailored to resist pests, diseases, and environmental stresses. Today, GM crops are grown worldwide, enhancing food security, reducing pesticide use, and contributing to sustainable agriculture. While nearly 80% of foods in the U.S. contain GMOs, regulatory practices vary globally. The advancements in GM technology promise more affordable food, higher agricultural yields, and reduced environmental impact, reflecting a significant evolution in agricultural practices.

This learning module includes 11 lessons and/or activities.

A video tutorial explaining the basics behind genetic engineering in the field of biotechnology. [4:09]

There is a lot of resistance to genetic modification and the use of genetically modified crops. What is the science? This unit helps to provide some background in cell function and DNA properties, helping students to understand how genetic modification can make a difference. The developments in biotechnology are highlighted and students create a marketing campaign for GMO’s. This unit features 6 lessons and 7 files. Lessons are aligned to NGSS.

There is a lot of misinformation about what a GMO is and what foods are genetically modified. Use this unit as a review or a compelling way to engage students in the topic of GMOs using a “breakout,” an innovative science teaching and entertainment platform. This unit features 3 lessons and 8 files. Lessons are aligned to NGSS.

What do you know about genetic modification? Is genetic modification helpful or harmful? This unit will help to develop student thinking about genetic modification and food security issues around the world by discussing CODEX, an international set of rules governing food safety and regulation, and how those rules work in various countries. The case for labeling genetically modified foods has raised controversy here and abroad. This set of lessons attempts to look at the differences between genetically modified and non-genetically modified foods, and the case for and against mandatory labeling of foods across the world. This unit features 5 lessons and 11 file.s. Lessons are aligned to NGSS.

Grow soybeans using Round-Up Ready seeds to illustrate how biotechnology can be used as a tool to increase production. Introduce students to different options for growing soybeans, investigate no-till farming versus conventional cultivation and the effects of each on soil fertility, and analyze Round-up Ready soybean growth. Students share the results of their investigations in a technical paper. This unit features 3 lessons and 9 files. Lessons are aligned to NGSS.

An introduction to genetic engineering through hands-on and modeling activities that illustrate concepts, which will scaffold student understanding for lab activities to follow, especially focused on the use of bacteria. This unit features 5 lessons and 14 files. Lessons are aligned to NGSS.

A lot of questions surround definitions of genetic modification. This unit models two different techniques of genetic modification and tries to help students understand the terms and the consequences of human intervention in food production. This unit features 3 lessons and 6 files. Lessons are aligned to NGSS.

Students learn how engineers apply their understanding of DNA to manipulate specific genes to produce desired traits, and how engineers have used this practice to address current problems facing humanity. They learn what genetic engineering means and examples of its applications, as well as moral and ethical problems related to its implementation. Students fill out a flow chart to list the methods to modify genes to create GMOs and example applications of bacteria, plant and animal GMOs.

Learn the pros and cons of genetically modified (GM) crops, and cast your vote on whether they should be grown. From the FRONTLINE/NOVA: Harvest of Fear Web site.

This video segment from FRONTLINE/NOVA: "Harvest of Fear" explores genetic modification of salmon and possible consequences.