See this close-up animation showing how ribosomes carry out translation to make a particular proteins. [3:04]
Watch this microscopic animation of genetic translation in action. [2:06]
Biology 2e is designed to cover the scope and sequence requirements of a typical two-semester biology course for science majors. The text provides comprehensive coverage of foundational research and core biology concepts through an evolutionary lens. Biology includes rich features that engage students in scientific inquiry, highlight careers in the biological sciences, and offer everyday applications. The book also includes various types of practice and homework questions that help students understand—and apply—key concepts. The 2nd edition has been revised to incorporate clearer, more current, and more dynamic explanations, while maintaining the same organization as the first edition. Art and illustrations have been substantially improved, and the textbook features additional assessments and related resources.
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Describe the different steps in protein synthesis
Discuss the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Describe the structure of eukaryotic cells
Compare animal cells with plant cells
State the role of the plasma membrane
Summarize the functions of the major cell organelles
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Describe the cytoskeleton
Compare the roles of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
Compare and contrast cilia and flagella
Summarize the differences among the components of prokaryotic cells, animal cells, and plant cells
Paul Andersen describes the structure and function of the major organelles in a eukaryotic cell. The endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, and golgi complex produce and store proteins in the cell. Lysosomes dissolve broken and invasive material. Vacuole store material in plant cells. [9:38]
This pathway provides an introduction to cells as the basic unit of life and their structure and function. Prokaryotic, eukaryotic and plant cells are compared and the structure and function of different organelles is discussed. For a deeper look at this topic, we recommend the pathway Cell Structure from the OpenStax textbook Biology for AP® Courses.
This pathway explores the processes of transcription and translation that allow cells to produce proteins from DNA.
As a class, students work through an example showing how DNA provides the "recipe" for making our body proteins. They see how the pattern of nucleotide bases (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine) forms the double helix ladder shape of DNA, and serves as the code for the steps required to make genes. They also learn some ways that engineers and scientists are applying their understanding of DNA in our world.
A narrated website giving information about the structure and function of ribosomes. Learn how ribosome's shapes help them use RNA to produce proteins. [0:34]
This scrollable interactive explores the different roles that proteins can play in the cell. Categories of proteins covered include transmembrane proteins, proteins that make up molecular machines like cilia and ribosomes, and enzymes. The four levels of protein structure are also discussed.
This scrollable interactive reviews how the information in a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule is translated to create a functioning protein in prokaryotic cells.
