Students act as if they are biological engineers following the steps of the engineering design process to design and create protein models to replace the defective proteins in a child’s body. Jumping off from a basic understanding of DNA and its transcription and translation processes, students learn about the many different proteins types and what happens if protein mutations occur. Then they focus on structural, transport and defense proteins during three challenges posed by the R&D; bio-engineering hypothetical scenario. Using common classroom supplies such as paper, tape and craft sticks, student pairs design, sketch, build, test and improve their own protein models to meet specific functional requirements: to strengthen bones (collagen), to capture oxygen molecules (hemoglobin) and to capture bacteria (antibody). By designing and testing physical models to accomplish certain functional requirements, students come to understand the relationship between protein structure and function. They graph and analyze the class data, then share and compare results across all teams to determine which models were the most successful. Includes a quiz, three worksheets and a reference sheet.

See this close-up animation showing how ribosomes carry out translation to make a particular proteins. [3:04]

Biology 2e is designed to cover the scope and sequence requirements of a typical two-semester biology course for science majors. The text provides comprehensive coverage of foundational research and core biology concepts through an evolutionary lens. Biology includes rich features that engage students in scientific inquiry, highlight careers in the biological sciences, and offer everyday applications. The book also includes various types of practice and homework questions that help students understand—and apply—key concepts. The 2nd edition has been revised to incorporate clearer, more current, and more dynamic explanations, while maintaining the same organization as the first edition. Art and illustrations have been substantially improved, and the textbook features additional assessments and related resources.

By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:

Describe nucleic acids' structure and define the two types of nucleic acids
Explain DNA's structure and role
Explain RNA's structure and roles

Overview of the central dogma of molecular biology.

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This study guide on protein synthesis covers key terminology, protein molecules and the genetic code, RNA types and their roles, transcription, translation, and a few misconceptions. It is available for download with free registration.

A free CK-12 account is required to view all materials.

This pathway explores the processes of transcription and translation that allow cells to produce proteins from DNA.

Students expand their knowledge of circles to establish relationships between angle measures in and around circles, line segments and lines in and around circles, and portions of circles as related to area and circumference.

In this activity, students will investigate the relationship among the three types of rigid transformations - translations, rotations, and reflections.

Students use the properties of circles to construct and understand different geometric figures, and lay the groundwork for constructing mathematical arguments through proof.

This pathway includes an introduction to how genetic information is replicated and expressed to form proteins. For a deeper look at this topic, we recommend the pathways DNA Structure and Function and Genes and Proteins from the OpenStax textbook Biology for AP® Courses.

See how DNA is copied through a process called replication. Learn how information in DNA can be used to make a protein. [15:24]

Khan Academy learning modules include a Community space where users can ask questions and seek help from community members. Educators should consult with their Technology administrators to determine the use of Khan Academy learning modules in their classroom. Please review materials from external sites before sharing with students.

Learn how DNA is copied during replication, and find out how information in DNA can be used to make a protein. [15:24]

Khan Academy learning modules include a Community space where users can ask questions and seek help from community members. Educators should consult with their Technology administrators to determine the use of Khan Academy learning modules in their classroom. Please review materials from external sites before sharing with students.

See how DNA is copied by replication, and learn how information in DNA can be used to make a protein. [15:23]

Khan Academy learning modules include a Community space where users can ask questions and seek help from community members. Educators should consult with their Technology administrators to determine the use of Khan Academy learning modules in their classroom. Please review materials from external sites before sharing with students.

This video explains the different ways the gene editing complex CRISPR-Cas9 is delivered into cells.

Dilation transformations are explored and related to translations and reflections in this video lesson. [3:12]

Students create model elevator carriages and calibrate them, similar to the work of design and quality control engineers. Students use measurements from rotary encoders to recreate the task of calibrating elevators for a high-rise building. They translate the rotations from an encoder to correspond to the heights of different floors in a hypothetical multi-story building. Students also determine the accuracy of their model elevators in getting passengers to their correct destinations.